3. Programmable Flow Injection

"Once you have exhausted all possibilities and failed, there will be one solution, simple and obvious, visible to everyone else."

Programmable Flow Injection is the second step of development that begun as Sequential Injection. Therefore, this chapter has two parts. The first, Sequential Injection, is designed to highlight advantages of flow programming and explain limitations of SI that only recently were eliminated by introduction of pFI method. In the second part: Programmable Flow Injection is explained, and its performance is documented by examples of automated reagent-based assays.

Contents of this chapter

• 3.1. Sequential Injection
  
• 3.1.1. Single reagent assay
  
• 3.1.2. Two reagents assay and Conclusion
  
• 3.1.3. Batch - SI format and lab-in-syringe
  
• 3.1.4. Conclusion
  
• 3.2. Programmable Flow Injection
  
• 3.2.1. Concept and Instrument
  
• 3.2.2. Stop in Holding Coil protocol
  
• 3.2.3. Stop in Flow Cell protocol
  
• 3.2.4. From Flow to Batch and from Kinetic to Equilibrium Based Method
  
• 3.2.4.1. The Concept and Method
  
• 3.2.4.2. Calibration obtained with DI water standards applied to analysis of sea water samples
  
• 3.2.4.3. Batch Method as a Research tool
  
• 3.2.4.4. Reaction rate assays in pFI batch format: Catalytic determination of manganese by malachite
  
• 3.2.5. Autocalibration by Single Standard Solution
  
• 3.2.5.1. Principle and Flow Programming SSSC
  
• 3.2.5.2. Autocalibration
  
• 3.2.5.3. Limit of Detection Determined by Autocalibration
  
• 3.2.5.4. Elimination of Matrix Effect by Autocalibration
  
• 3.2.5.5. Optimization of Assay by Automated Reagent Dilution
  
• 3.2.5.6. Selectivity of the simplified method for silicate in sea water
  
• 3.2.6. Instruments and Components
  
• 3.2.7. Multipurpose Instrument integrates Spectrophotometry with Fluorescence and Flow Injection to
  
• 3.2.7.1. Introduction
  
• 3.2.7.2. Fluorescence based aluminum assay
  
• 3.2.7.3. Spectrophotometry based silica assay
  
• 3.2.7.4. Conclusion
  
• 3.2.7.5. Appendix: Instrumentation and Acknowledgment
  
• 3.2.8. Hybrid Flow Cell for Fluorescence and Absorbance
  
• 3.2.8.1. Introduction
  
• 3.2.8.2. Calibration for fluorescence
  
• 3.2.8.3. Calibration for absorbance
  
• 3.2.9. Flow Injection Nephelometry and Turbidimetry
  
• 3.3. Bead Injection and Flow Programming
  
• 3.4. Conclusion
  
• 3.2.9.1. Introduction
  
• 3.2.9.2. Nephelometry
  
• 3.2.9.3. Turbidimetry
  
• 3.2.9.4. Determination of Suspended Matter in Sea and Drinking Water
  
• 3.2.9.5. Turbidity is Measured by Spectrophotometry with Long Light Path Flow Cell
  
• 3.2.9.6. Beer’s Law Does Apply to Heterogenous Solutions
  
• 3.2.9.7. Conclusion