Solid tumors are highly oxygen- and nutrient- demanding, dependent on their own neo-vasculature. Therefore targeting tumor neo-vasculature is one of the directions in treatment of solid tumors and can be divided into two categories: “anti-angiogenic therapy” and “vascular targeting therapy.” Vascular-targeted photodynamic therapy (VTP) is focused on disrupting the normally functioning tumor vasculature. VTP can be active (when PS is selectively accumulated in components of the vessel) or passive (when PS is acting from the vessel lumen). PDT itself has several advantages (mainly its selectivity due to directing the irradiation only to the tumor itself) and VTP is introducing some others e.g. direct accessibility of endothelial cells for intravenously administered drug, destruction of each capillary leads to affection of thousands of tumor cells or the fact that tumor vessels share common properties across different tumor types.
Verteporfin (well known drug used in VTP of age-related macular degeneration, AMD) is known to induce formation of enlarged intercellular gaps of the endothelium leading to increased vessel permeabilization and enhanced vascular shutdown in tumors.
On the other hand, tumor vessels are often having missing endothelial cells or basement membrane resulting in highly irregular display of these “blood channels”. Thus, VTP is not relying only on increasing vascular permeabilization, but also on damaging or destroying endothelial cells or vessel wall and local changes in rheology.
Classical PDT treatment may also lead to vascular damage of some extent. Formerly it was considered, that long drug-light-interval (DLI; up to 4 days) is favorable – PS has time to accumulates to tumor tissue at higher concentrations and eliminates from normal tissue. Nowadays it is believed that short DLI (before PS clearance from circulation) is preferable as PS is still present in tumor vasculature during PDT and deteriorate supply of oxygen and nutrients. Not only dedicated VTP protocols are mediating vascular damage – even other PDT protocols with high concentration of circulating drug (e.g. porfimer sodium with rapid illumination after injection) are able to induce damage of some extent to endothelium or vessels in general. Vascular damage leads to perivascular edema and vascular leakage, accumulation of leucocytes, vasoconstriction, activation of coagulation and platelet aggregation, and subsequently blood-flow stasis. Inadequate drug or light dosage might have the opposite effect via triggering tumor angiogenesis through hypoxia and activation of adaptive response (expression of angiogenic factors and cytokines). Induction of undesirable vascular response might be attenuated e.g. by combination of PDT/VTP with inhibition of VEGF by monoclonal antibody bevacizumab. Currently there are only two PSs for VTP used in clinical practice – verteporfin and padeliporfin.
The development of new approaches for specific drug delivery is important for cancer therapy (but not restricted to cancer). Currently, most macromolecular drugs enter the cell by endocytosis. Compounds taken up by this route are often unable to leave the endosomes and are usually degraded in the lysosomes, thus rendering them ineffective for therapeutic purposes. Photochemical internalization (PCI) is a technology based on the same principle as photodynamic therapy (PDT) and therefore shares several basic characteristics with it. However, the main biologically active element here is not PS but another compound. PDT uses three basic mechanisms to destroy the target tissue mentioned above. The same mechanisms apply in PCI, but to a much lesser extent. In addition, there is a fourth mechanism that plays a major role: PCI results in the release of active molecules from endocytic vesicles into the cytosol.
Similar to PDT, PCI uses PSs. In addition, an additional compound taken up into the cells by endocytosis (biologically active compound - drug) is also administered. The PS remains trapped in the membranes of the endolysosomal compartment, while the drug remains in the lumen (PS that would also localize to the lumen could potentially oxidatively damage and inactivate the administered drug - but this is only true for the "light after" approach). As the membranes specifically harbour mainly amphiphilic PSs, which are taken up into the cell by endocytosis as well, it is desirable to employ PS of this nature for PCI. When exposed to light, the photodynamic effect of PS is triggered with subsequent damage to the membrane. Thus, instead of degradation in the endolysosomal compartment, the biologically active compound (drug) is released into the cytosol, where its full effect can take place.
PCI for different biologically active compounds (drugs) can be performed in two approaches. In the first, the biologically active compound is administered together with the PS and then the cells are irradiated. This procedure is called "light after". In the second approach, the cells are irradiated after the administration of the PS alone and the biologically active compounds are administered afterwards. This approach is called "light before" and its mechanism of action is based on the fact that newly formed endocytic vesicles fuse with photochemically damaged ones and the biologically active compounds leak into the cytosol (therefore can unleash their full potential).
The use of "classic" cytostatic drugs in cancer treatment is still widely applied in clinical practice. But those compounds usually possess several side effects, some of them rather severe. Numerous delivery systems were developed to carry those drugs to decrease severity of their side effects, while ideally maintain their efficiency (nanoparticles, micelles, dendrimers, niosomes, liposomes etc.). Especially liposomes gained attention – moreover, first clinically approved nanotherapeutic was liposomal-based doxorubicin. Liposomes represent passive targeting system with enhanced permeation and retention with ability to protect their cargo (e.g. biologically active compound – drug). Combining PSs with liposomes open new possibility to locally increase concentration of the free therapeutic agent by its light-triggered release from liposomes while maintaining its low concentrations in healthy tissue.
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Demuth J, Kaushik R, Kozlikova M, Rando C, Machacek M, Novakova V, Šindelář V, Zimcik P.
BODIPY-Cucurbituril Complexes: Supramolecular Approach toward Improvement of Photodynamic Activity.
Materials Advances. 2024; DOI: 10.1039/D3MA01164J
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Dwivedi A, Mazumder A, Pullmannová P, Paraskevopoulou A, Opálka L, Kováčik A, Macháček M, Jančálková P, Svačinová P, Peterlik H, Maixner J, Vávrová K.
Lipid monolayer on cell surface protein templates functional extracellular lipid assembly.
Small. 2024; 2307793; DOI: 10.1002/smll.202307793
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Al-Hamdan NS, Hussain A, Kozlikova M, Alfred A, Machacek M, Ganesan A, Zimcik P, Makhseed S.
Enhanced Photodynamic Activity of Asymmetric Non-Ionic Zn(II) Phthalocyanine Amphiphiles: Effect of Molecular Design on In Vitro Activity.
Dyes and Pigments. 2024; 221; 111809 DOI: 10.1016/j.dyepig.2023.111809
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Chelminiak-Dudkiewicz D, Macháček M, Dlugaszewska J, Wujak M, Smolarkiewicz-Wyczachowski A, Bocian S, Mylkie K, Goslinski T, Marszall MP, Ziegler-Borowska M.
Fabrication and characterization of new levan@CBD biocomposite sponges as potential materials in natural, non-toxic wound dressing applications.
International Journal of Biological Macromolecules. 2023; 253(3); 126933; DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.126933
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Pavkova I, Kopeckova M, Link M, Vlcak E, Filimonenko V, Lecova L, Zakova J, Laskova P, Sheshko V, Machacek M, Stulik J.
Francisella tularensis Glyceraldehyde-3-Phosphate Dehydrogenase is Secreted during Intracellular Infection and Reveals Pleiotropic Effect on Cellular Pathogenesis.
Cells. 2023; 12(4); 607; DOI: 10.3390/cells12040607
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Kociscakova L; Rando C; Kozlikova M; Machacek M; Novakova V; Šindelář V; Zimcik P.
Monomerization of Phthalocyanines in Water via Their Supramolecular Interactions with Cucurbiturils.
Journal of Organic Chemistry. 2023; 88; 2; 988–1002; DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c02413
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Kopečná M, Macháček M, Roh J, Vávrová K.
Proline, hydroxyproline, and pyrrolidone carboxylic acid derivatives as highly efficient but reversible transdermal permeation enhancers.
Scientific Reports. 2022; 12:19495; DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-24108-6
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Halaskova M, Kostelansky F, Demuth J, Hlbocanova I, Miletin M, Zimcik P, Machacek M, Novakova V.
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ChemPlusChem. 2022; 26; 87(9):e202200133; DOI: 10.1002/cplu.202200133
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Gemuh CV; Macháček M; Solich P; Horstkotte B.
Renewable Sorbent Dispersive Solid Phase Extraction Automated by Lab-In-Syringe Using Magnetite-Functionalized Hydrophilic-Lipophilic Balanced Sorbent Coupled Online to HPLC for Determination of Surface Water Contaminants.
Analytica Chimica Acta. 2022; 1210:339874; DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2022.339874
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Hympanova M; Oliver-Urrutia C; Vojta M; Macháček M; Krupka P; Kukla R; Celko L; Montufar EB, Marek J.
Assessment of Streptococcus mutans Biofilm Formation on Calcium Phosphate Ceramics: the role of crystalline composition and microstructure.
Biomaterials Advances. 2022; 135:212750; DOI: 10.1016/j.bioadv.2022.212750
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Demuth J; Gallego L; Kozlikova M; Machacek M; Kucera R; Torres T; Martínez-Díaz MV; Novakova V.
Subphthalocyanines as efficient photosensitizers with nanomolar photodynamic activity against cancer cells.
Journal of Medicinal Chemistry. 2021; 64(23); 17436–17447; DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c01584
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Krzemien W, Rohlickova M, Machacek M, Novakova V, Piskorz J, Zimcik P.
Tuning Photodynamic Properties of BODIPY Dyes, Porphyrins´ Little Sisters.
Molecules. 2021; 26(14):4194; DOI: 10.3390/molecules26144194
[Impact factor 2021: 4.927 - Q2; Article Influence Score: 0.671 - Q2]
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Bavlovič-Piskáčková H; Kollárová-Brázdová P; Kučera R; Macháček M, Pedersen-Bjergaard S; Štěrbová-Kovaříková P.
The electromembrane extraction of pharmaceutical compounds from animal tissues.
Analytica Chimica Acta. 2021; 1177:338742; DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2021.338742
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Halaskova M; Rahali A; Almeida-Marrero V; Machacek M; Kucera R; Jamoussi B; Torres T; Novakova V; de la Escosura A; Zimcik P.
Peripherally crowded cationic phthalocyanines as efficient photosensitizers for photodynamic therapy.
ACS Medicinal Chemistry Letters. 2021; 12(3); 502–507; DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.1c00045
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Kollar J; Machacek M; Halaskova M; Lenco J; Kucera R; Demuth J; Stekla M; Hasonova K; Miletin M; Novakova V; Zimcik P.
Cationic versus Anionic Phthalocyanines for Photodynamic Therapy: What a Difference the Charge Makes.
Journal of Medicinal Chemistry. 2020; 63(14); 7616-7632; DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c00481
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Husain A, Ganesan A, Machacek M, Cerveny L, Kubat P, Ghazal B, Zimcik P, Makhseed S.
Dually Directional Glycosylated Phthalocyanines as Extracellular Red-Emitting Fluorescent Probes.
Dalton Transactions. 2020; 49; 9605-9617; DOI: 10.1039/d0dt01180k
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Kopečná M, Macháček M, Nováčková A, Paraskevopoulos G, Roh J, Vávrová K.
Esters of terpene alcohols as highly potent, reversible, and low toxic skin penetration enhancers.
Scientific Reports. 2019; 9; 14617; DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-51226-5
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Applová L, Karlíčková J, Warncke P, Macáková K, Hrubša M, Macháček M, Tvrdý V, Fischer D, Mladěnka P.
4-Methylcatechol, a flavonoid metabolite with potent antiplatelet effects.
Molecular Nutrition & Food Research. 2019; 63(20); e1900261; DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201900261
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Lochman L, Machacek M, Miletin M, Uhlířová Š, Lang K, Kirakci K, Zimcik P, Novakova V.
Red-emitting fluorescence sensors for metal cations: the role of counter anions and sensing of SCN- in biological materials.
ACS Sensors. 2019; 4(6); 1552-1559; DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.9b00081
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Reimerová P, Stariat J, Bavlovič-Piskáčková H, Jansová H, Roh J, Kalinowski D, Macháček M, Šimůnek T, Richardson D, Sterbova-Kovarikova P.
Novel SPME fibers based on a plastic support for determination of plasma protein binding of thiosemicarbazone metal chelators: A case example of DpC, an anti-cancer drug that entered clinical trials.
Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry. 2019; 411(11); 2383-2394; DOI: 10.1007/s00216-019-01681-w
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Vicen M, Vitverova B, Havelek R, Blazickova K, Machacek M, Rathouska J, Najmanová I, Dolezelova E, Prasnicka A, Sternak M, Bernabeu C, Nachtigal P.
Regulation and role of endoglin in cholesterol-induced endothelial/vascular dysfunction in vivo and in vitro.
FASEB Journal. 2019; 33(5); 6099-6114; DOI: 10.1096/fj.201802245R
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Kopecna M, Kováčik A, Kucera O, Machacek M, Sochorova M, Audrlicka P, VavrovaK.
Fluorescent Penetration Enhancers Reveal Complex Interactions among the Enhancer, Drug, Solvent, and Skin.
Molecular Pharmaceutics. 2019; 16(2); 886-897; DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.8b01196
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Kollar J, Macháček M, Jancarova A, Kubat P, Kucera R, Miletín M, Novakova V, ZimcikP.
Effect of bovine serum albumin on the photodynamic activity of sulfonated tetrapyrazinoporphyrazine.
Dyes and Pigments. 2019; 162; 358-366; DOI: 10.1016/j.dyepig.2018.10.051
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Macháček M, Carter K, Kostelanský F, Miranda D, Seffouh A, Ortega J, Šimůnek T, Zimčík P, Lovell J.
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Journal of Materials Chemistry B. 2018; 6: 7298-7305; DOI: 10.1039/C8TB01602J
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Kopečná M, Macháček M, Prchalová E, Štěpánek P, Drašar P, Kotora M, Vávrová K.
Galactosyl Pentadecene Reversibly Enhances Transdermal and Topical Drug Delivery.
Pharmaceutical Research. 2017; 34(10): 2097–2108; DOI: 10.1007/s11095-017-2214-3
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Ghazal B, Machacek M, Shalaby M, Novakova V, Zimcik P, Makhseed.
Phthalocyanines and tetrapyrazinoporphyrazines with two cationic donuts: high photodynamic activity as a result of rigid spatial arrangement of peripheral substituents.
Journal of Medicinal Chemistry. 2017; DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.7b00272
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Němeček J, Sychra P, Macháček M, Benková M, Karabanovich G, Konečná K, Kavková V, Stolaříkov J, Hrabálek A, Vávrová K, Soukup O, Roh J, Klimešová V.
Structure-activity relationship studies on 3,5-dinitrophenyl tetrazoles as antitubercular agents.
European Journal of Medicinal Chemistry. 2017; 130(21): 419–432; DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2017.02.058
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Kopečná M, Macháček M, Prchalová E, Štěpánek P, Drašar P, Kotora M, Vávrová K.
Dodecyl amino glucoside enhances transdermal and topical drug delivery via reversible interaction with skin barrier lipids.
Pharmaceutical Research. 2017; 34(3): 640-653; DOI: 10.1007/s11095-016-2093-z
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Machacek M, Demuth J, Cermak P, Vavreckova M, Hruba L, Jedlickova A, Kubat P, Simunek T, Novakova V, Zimcik P.
Tetra(3,4-pyrido)porphyrazines caught in the cationic cage: toward nanomolar active photosensitizers.
Journal of Medicinal Chemistry. 2016; 59(20): 9443–9456; DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.6b01140
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Haškova P, Jansova H, Bureš J, Macháček M, Jirkovská A, Franz KJ, Kovaříkova P, Šimůnek T.
Cardioprotective effects of iron chelator HAPI and ROS-activated boronate prochelator BHAPI against catecholamine-induced oxidative cellular injury.
Toxicology. 2016; 371: 17-28; DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2016.10.004
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Jansová H, Bureš J, Macháček M, Hašková P, Jirkovská A, Roh J, Wang Q, Franz KJ, Kovaříková P, Šimůnek T.
Characterization of cytoprotective and toxic properties of iron chelator SIH, prochelator BSIH and their degradation products.
Toxicology. 2016; 250: 15-24; DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2016.03.004
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Machacek M, Kollár J, Miletin M, Kučera R, Kubát P, Simunek T, Novakova V, Zimcik P.
Anionic hexadeca-carboxylate tetrapyrazinoporphyrazine: synthesis and in vitro photodynamic studies of water-soluble non-aggregating photosensitizer.
RSC Advances. 2016; 6:10064-10077; DOI: 10.1039/C5RA25881B
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Potůčková E, Roh J, Macháček M, Stariat J, Šesták V, Jansová H, Hašková P, Jirkovská A, Vávrová A, Kovaříková P, Richardson DR, Šimůnek T.
In vitro characterization of pharmacological properties of the anticancer iron chelator Bp4eT and its phase I metabolites.
PLoS One. 2015; 10(10): e0139929. DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0139929
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Synthesis and analysis of novel analogues of dexrazoxane and its open-ring hydrolysis product for protection against anthracycline cardiotoxicity in vitro and in vivo.
Toxicology Research. 2015; 4: 1098-1114; DOI: 10.1039/C5TX00048C
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Vachova L, Machacek M, Kucera R, Demuth J, Cermak P, Kopecky K, Miletin M, Jedlickova A, Simunek T, Novakova V and Zimcik P.
Heteroatom-substituted tetra(3,4-pyrido)-porphyrazines: a stride toward near-infrared-absorbing macrocycles.
Organic & Biomolecular Chemistry. 2015; DOI: 10.1039/c5ob00651a
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Machacek M, Cidlina A, Novakova V, Svec J, Rudolf E, Miletin M, Kučera R, Simunek T, Zimcik P.
Far-red absorbing cationic phthalocyanine photosensitizers: Synthesis and evaluation of the photodynamic anti-cancer activity and the mode of cell death induction.
Journal of Medicinal Chemistry. 2015; 58(4): 1736–1749; DOI: 10.1021/jm5014852
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Potůčková E, Hrušková K, Bureš J, Kovaříková P, Špirková IA, Pravdíková K, Kolbabová L, Hergeselová T, Hašková P, Jansová H, Macháček M, Jirkovská A, Richardson V, Lane DJR, Kalinowski DS, Richardson DR, Vávrová K, Šimůnek T. 2014.
Structure-activity relationships of novel salicylaldehyde isonicotinoyl hydrazone (SIH) analogs: iron chelation, anti-oxidant and cytotoxic properties.
PLoS One. 2014; 9(11): e112059; DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0112059
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Jansová H, Macháček M, Wang Q, Hašková P, Vávrová A, Potůčková E, Kielar F, Franz KJ, Šimůnek T. 2014.
Comparison of various iron chelators and prochelators as protecting agents against cardiomyocyte oxidative injury.
Free Radical Biology & Medicine. 2014. DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2014.06.019.
[Impact factor 2021: 8.101 - Q1; Article Influence Score: 1.423 - Q1]
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Potuckova E, Jansova H, Machacek M, Vavrova A, Haskova P, Tichotova L, Richardson V, Kalinowski DS, Richardson DR, Simunek T..
Quantitative analysis of the anti-proliferative activity of combinations of selected iron-chelating agents and clinically used anti-neoplastic drugs.
PLoS One. 2014. 9(2). e88754. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0088754.
[Impact factor 2021: 3.752 - Q2; Article Influence Score: 0.973 - Q2]
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Makhseed S, Machacek M, Alfadly W, Tuhl A, Vinodh V, Simunek T, Novakova V, Kubat P, Rudolf E a Zimcik P.
Water-soluble non-aggregating zinc phthalocyanine and in vitro studies for photodynamic therapy.
Chemical Communications. 2013. 49(95): 11149-51; DOI: 10.1039/C3CC44609C
[Impact factor 2021: 6.065 - Q1; Article Influence Score: 1.124 - Q1]
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Vávrová A, Jansová H, Macková E, Macháček M, Hašková P, Tichotová L, Štěrba M, Šimůnek T.
Catalytic inhibitors of topoisomerase II differentially modulate the toxicity of anthracyclines towards cardiac and cancer cells.
PLoS ONE. 2013. 8(10): 1-13; DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0076676
[Impact factor 2021: 3.752 - Q2; Article Influence Score: 0.973 - Q2]